Karst aquifer definition

It is generally recognized that karst aquifers have different properties than porous media such as sand. But just what is a karst aquifer? This is not a straightforward question to answer because there are several different definitions, and the figure shows the five main ones. Based on these different definitions, the percentage of near-surface carbonate aquifers that can be classified as karstic ranges from <1%  to >60%.

Estimated percentage of near-surface carbonate aquifers that can be classified as karstic, based on five different criteria (after Worthington et al., 2017).